Středověký městský dům v Mladé Boleslavi

Abstract

Práce zabývající se stavebním vývojem středověkého městského domu, které byly soustředěny především na jejich významnější zástupce, jsou v posledních desetiletích rozšiřovány o poznatky získané nejen z průzkumu stále většího počtu objektů, ale i o výsledky výzkumů mezioborové spolupráce. Podstatnou součástí studia zástavby středověkého města je parcelace. V počáteční fázi vývoje po založení města, ke kterému v zásadě chybí pramenná základna, mohou poznatky o původní parcelaci posunout dosavadní názory o zástavbě parcely a jejím dispozičním a provozním uspořádání. Archeologické výzkumy posledních desetiletí přinášejí nové poznatky k parcelaci středověkých měst dokládající její změny v průběhu vývoje. Příkladem přínosu mezioborové spolupráce stavebně historického, hloubkového a archeologického průzkumu jsou výsledky průzkumů domů v Jihlavě, které popsaly jednotlivé faze zástavby parcely včetně datace. Nejstarší fáze zděné výstavby je zpravidla doložena komorami situovanými v hloubce parcely. V literatuře jsou nazývány kamenate, kemenate, steinwerk, atd. Původ těchto zděných útvarů v hloubi parcely je v západní Evropě sledován přibližně od závěru 12. století (písemnými prameny doložen kolem r. 1200), v českých zemích pak zhruba o století později. Z hlediska typologie rozeznává literatura dispozici síňovou, průjezdovou a varianty domů na široké parcele. Pro Mladou Boleslav byl jako typický zástupce dispozice uveden síňový dům

The aim of the dissertation was to process construction development of a townhouse in the town of Mladá Boleslav, primarily in the Middle Ages and partly in the early modern period, and its contextualization. The thesis focused on the development of the Old Town Square. Due to terraced housing, it was possible to watch particular changes and examine their linkage. The range and validity of medieval and early modern constructions in basements of the houses were an important factor enabling a more thorough analysis of some problems.The main benefit of this thesis is new knowledge about medieval parcellation of the Old Town, established in 1334, and its changes. Two field researches were conducted to study a separation process of four houses belonging to two owners, a process which is known from archive reports and happened in the second quarter of the 16th century. The results of the researches have shown that the separation was happening in other cases as well which changes the existing opinion on the width of the parcels after the establishment of the town. It is obvious that there were more parcels of the width of 13-16 metres than it has been expected so far and also that many parcels of the width of 8 metres, which had been considered as the original “narrow” gothic parcels, have been a result of later development. This development is mainly proved by a ground plan of a back room occupying the whole width of a secondarily-parted house. There is a unique written source from the year 1534. It describes development of the parcel before it was divided between two owners. It can be found out from the description that the main part of the object was made of a depth-oriented tract, which covered half the parcel width of the original house, with a hall, chambers, a room, cellars and stables. The space structure of the houses was reflecting medieval tradition through the whole monitored period, thus from the 15th to the second quarter of the 16th century. Concerning the parcels of the width of 13 metres the structure was in accordance to the layout scheme of the depth-oriented tract with lateral passage; concerning the parcels of the width of around 8 metres it was in accordance to the disposition of the hall house. In several houses in the square, there are visible exceeded spaces of the halls which are followed by differently tall back parts with a living room being above the chamber. The core of the medieval house was made by a brick chamber part situated 10-13 metres, however rarely even 8 metres, from the frontage. During the research, construction adjustments of back chambers as well as further deepening were monitored. The research has brought new knowledge on the subject of the basement development under the front part of the houses. In the houses of numbers 28 and 29, a unique discovery was made; there was found a longitudinally oriented narrow basement entrance from times when parcels formed a whole. Only in the next phase perpendicular entrances, leading to basements of already separated houses, were built. A speciality is appearing in the house number 88 during the late gothic development of the square. An above-standard class of the spaces of Mladá Boleslav’s square is proved here by the front tract with rib vault and an emblem of Krajíř of Krajek, the owner of the estate, located on the keystone. The profiling of jambs bears Renaissance elements and is obviously influenced by the works on Mladá Boleslav’s castle.In the late 16th century and at the beginning of the 17th century, a more significant usage of Renaissance elements can be seen. Among these elements the inner window arcade with Tuscan columns in living rooms is quite common. Also, there was found evidence possibly proving the existence of tall halls, located in the centre of the disposition, with upper lighting.